- Article “Khitat,”in the Encyclopedia of Islam, 3d ed. (2019): 81-84.
- Article “Dār al-ʿAdl (premodern)”in The Encyclopedia of Islam, 3d ed. (2007-continuing): Part 2012-4.
- Article “Damascus,” in Encyclopædia Britannica Online 2008. http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/150420/Damascus
- Article “the City,” in Encyclopedia of the Qur’an. 6 vols. Jane Dammen McAuliffe, Gen. Ed. (Leiden: E.J. Brill, 2002-2007), 1: 338-39.
- Articles, “Mosque,” “Abbasids,” “Mu‘awiya,” “‘Abd al-Malik,” “al-Tabari,” and “al-Baladhuri,” in Late Antiquity A Guide to the Late Antique World, G. W. Bowersock, P. Brown, and O. Grabar eds., (Cambridge, Mass.: The Belknap Press of Harvard University Press, 1999).
- Articles “Shadirwan,”in the Encyclopedia of Islam, 2d ed. (1954-2005) 9: 175-76; “Tiraz,” 10:534-38; “Riwak,”8: 544-45; “Ribat,” 8: 506. “Rank,” 8: 431-33.